Introduction​

​

This study evaluates the bioelectrical effects of extended exposure to a single TLS Cube mini using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS is a well-established scientific method used to measure electrical properties of biological systems, including impedance and conductivity, and has been used to characterize the electrical behavior of living cells and cell membranes (Yang et al., 2011; Hossain, 2021; Brantlov et al., 2025).

​

In this study, EIS was used to measure changes in the electrical properties of living human buccal (inner cheek) cells before and after exposure to a single TLS Cube mini. Because impedance and conductivity are inversely related, a decrease in measured impedance corresponds to an increase in conductivity. These measurements provide a quantitative method for evaluating changes in cellular electrical behavior following exposure.

The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to a single TLS Cube mini produces measurable changes in cellular bioelectrical activity and to evaluate how those changes develop over time. Measurements were obtained at multiple intervals during extended exposure, allowing the magnitude and time course of the response to be characterized.

​

Scientific Basis

​

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measures how electrical current interacts with biological materials. When applied to living cells, EIS can provide information about electrical characteristics associated with cell membranes and their surrounding environment. Bioimpedance techniques have been used experimentally to characterize cellular and tissue properties and to investigate differences in biological electrical behavior (Yang et al., 2011; Hossain, 2021; Naranjo-Hernández et al., 2019).

​

Impedance represents opposition to alternating electrical current, while conductivity describes the ability of a material or biological system to conduct electrical current. Because these properties are inversely related, decreases in impedance correspond to increases in conductivity.

​

Scientific literature has demonstrated relationships between bioimpedance measurements and physiological characteristics including cellular integrity, body-fluid distribution, and tissue electrical properties (Yamada et al., 2022; Catapano et al., 2023; Kim et al., 2025). Electrical stimulation has also been investigated experimentally in relation to cellular inflammatory and oxidative-stress pathways (Jeong et al., 2013; Tanaka et al., 2016; Hsieh et al., 2019).

Accordingly, measurable changes in conductivity provide an objective indication that the electrical characteristics of the biological sample have changed. The present study uses this approach specifically to characterize the bioelectrical response observed during exposure to a single TLS Cube mini.

​

What This Study Demonstrates

​

This study was designed to evaluate the magnitude and progression of the bioelectrical response associated with exposure to a single TLS Cube mini. Measurements were obtained before exposure and at multiple intervals during an extended exposure period. The results demonstrate a clear time-dependent change in cellular conductivity. A relatively small response was observed after two hours of exposure. Conductivity then increased substantially, reaching its maximum measured increase of approximately 56% after four hours. Conductivity remained elevated at later measurement points, although the magnitude of the response gradually decreased following the four-hour peak. At approximately eight hours, conductivity remained elevated by approximately 30%. Similar elevations were observed at thirteen hours, and conductivity remained approximately 20% above baseline at twenty-two hours. These findings demonstrate that a single TLS Cube mini produced a measurable bioelectrical response that developed over time, reached its maximum measured magnitude after approximately four hours, and remained detectable throughout the extended observation period.

​

Methods

​

The bioelectrical effects of a single TLS Cube mini were evaluated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Living human buccal cells were collected from the inner cheek and transferred into water for analysis. Two electrodes connected to an impedance spectrophotometer were immersed in the resulting cell suspension. Three sequential measurements were obtained from each collected sample, and the average value was used for analysis. The TLS Cube mini was positioned in the center of the subject's bedroom approximately five hours before the experiment began. Following collection of the baseline measurement, the subject remained approximately three to four feet from the Cube mini for eight hours during the day. The Cube mini remained present for an additional seven hours while the subject slept approximately three feet from the device. The subject was a healthy 70-year-old male. Measurements were obtained before exposure and at multiple time points following exposure to the Cube mini. Percent changes were calculated relative to the baseline measurement obtained before treatment. Each collected sample was measured in triplicate, and the average measurement was used for analysis. Because the observed response represented decreasing impedance, the results are expressed as the corresponding increase in conductivity relative to baseline.

​

Results and Discussion

​

Figure 1 illustrates the time-dependent change in cellular conductivity observed during exposure to a single TLS Cube mini. A relatively small increase in conductivity was observed after approximately two hours of exposure. The response then increased substantially, reaching a maximum measured increase of approximately 56% after four hours. Following the four-hour peak, conductivity remained elevated but gradually decreased. At approximately eight hours, conductivity remained approximately 30% above baseline. A similar response was observed at thirteen hours, followed by an approximately 20% elevation at twenty-two hours.

​

The response pattern therefore demonstrates three distinct characteristics: an initial increase during the first several hours of exposure, a pronounced maximum at approximately four hours, and a sustained but gradually declining response during the later measurements. Importantly, the measured response occurred primarily as an increase in conductivity rather than an increase in impedance. This distinguishes the response observed with the single Cube mini from some other TLS configurations evaluated using the same EIS methodology.

​

The data demonstrates that the bioelectrical response was not constant throughout exposure. Instead, the magnitude changed considerably with exposure duration. Within the conditions evaluated in this experiment, approximately four hours produced the largest measured response. The persistence of elevated conductivity at eight, thirteen, and twenty-two hours further indicates that the measured electrical change remained detectable after the four-hour maximum rather than immediately returning to baseline. These findings provide quantitative evidence of a measurable and time-dependent change in cellular electrical properties associated with exposure to a single TLS Cube mini.

​

Conclusion

​

​The results of this study demonstrate that exposure to a single TLS Cube mini was associated with measurable changes in the electrical conductivity of living human buccal cells. The bioelectrical response developed progressively during the initial exposure period and reached a maximum measured 56% increase in conductivity after approximately four hours. Following this peak, conductivity remained elevated at subsequent measurement points, including approximately 30% at eight hours and approximately 20% at twenty-two hours. The findings indicate that exposure duration was an important factor influencing the magnitude of the measured response. Under the conditions evaluated in this experiment, the strongest conductivity response occurred at approximately four hours, while measurable changes remained present throughout the extended observation period. Taken together, these results provide quantitative evidence that a single TLS Cube mini produces a measurable, time-dependent bioelectrical response characterized primarily by increased cellular conductivity, with a peak response observed after approximately four hours of exposure.